Economics

DEFINITION OF MINING Mining: is the process of getting coal, gold and other minerals from under the ground by making a deep hole or holes where these minerals are dug. That is, it is an extraction of minerals from under the ground through the process of digging deep holes into the grounds. Mining is one … Read more

NATURE OF NIGERIA ECONOMY The study of the structure of an economy is in essence the study of the ‘Anatomy’ of that economy. The structure of Nigerian economy is a system whereby the organizational framework of the economy are inter-related, logically connected through which the activities of the economy are co-ordinated or aligned. The structure … Read more

FREE MARKET ECONOMY A free market is a market in which prices of goods and services are regulated by market forces. This means that prices of commodities in a free market economy are fixed by the interaction (i.e. joint actions) of demand and supply. DETERMINATION OF PRICES IN A FREE MARKET It is possible to … Read more

Supply may be defined as the quantity of goods and services which sellers are willing and able to offer for sale at a particular price, and at a particular period of time. Supply does not mean the entire stock of a commodity in existence or the total quantity of that commodity produced but rather it … Read more

Demand can be defined as the quantity of a commodity (goods and services) that consumers are willing and able to buy at a given price and at a particular place and time. Demand is quite different from wants, need or desire. ‘Effective Demand’ in economics must meet three conditions which are: Ability to pay Willingness … Read more

The middlemen are the wholesalers and the retailers who are in-between the producers and the consumers. They specialize in performing activities relating to purchase and sales of goods in the process of their flow from the manufacturers to the final consumers. The presence of the middlemen in the distributive trade cannot be overlooked as they … Read more

Distributive Trade-which is also known as the chain of distribution, refers to the various stages or channels through which finished goods are moved from the manufacturers/producers to the final consumers . That is, it is the process of getting goods from the producer to the final consumers. There are various channels through which goods get … Read more

MERCHANT BANKS (INVESTMENT BANKS) This may be defined as financial institutions that provide medium and long loans, accept large deposits from customers and acts as issuing houses. They deal with high net worth individuals, companies, other financial institutions and government agencies. FUNCTIONS OF MERCHANT BANKS They give medium and long term loans to individuals, organizations … Read more

A negotiable instruments is an instrument whose title (or ownership) on it could be transferred by delivering it to another person with or without endorsement. Examples of negotiable instruments are bills of exchange, cheques, bank drafts, bill of lading, dividend warrants, treasury bills, bank notes and coins promissory notes debentures payable to bearer, bearer bonds, … Read more

A cheque is a bill of exchange drawn on a banker payable on demand PARTIES TO A CHEQUE There are three parties involved with a cheque namely: The Drawer – .i.e. the person who issues the cheque The Drawee – .i.e. the bank being instructed to pay the money The Payee – .i.e. the person … Read more

COMMERCIAL BANKS A commercial bank is a financial institution which accept deposits and other valuables from the public for safe-keeping lend money to people and firms and perform other auxiliary services with the sole aim of making profit. A commercial bank is owned by private individual organizations or government. It is a limited liability company. … Read more

The Central Bank is the apex financial institution in a country which is responsible for the management and control of monetary affairs of the country. FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CENTRAL BANK It is owned by the government It is established through Act of Parliament It is the apex financial institution in a country. There is only … Read more

TRADE BY BARTER Before money came to be used, trade was carried out by goods being exchanged directly for other goods. This direct exchange of goods for goods is known as barter. Trade by barter is a form of trading in which goods are exchanged directly for other goods without the use of money as … Read more

The theory of the multiplier– states that an increase in consumer or business investment spending in a country would produce a multiplier effect by raising the level of national income.  The multiplier effect can be as a result of changes in consumption expenditure, which is known as consumption multiplier or investment changes, which is known … Read more

CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME Circular flow of income shows the independence or relationship between households and business enterprise. Commodity and money flows between households and firms. It shows the flow of payments from business sector to households in exchange for labour and other productive services and the return flow of payments from households to business … Read more

As individuals and firms keep account of their economic activities such as their annual report which shows all their activities during the past year, countries too like individuals and firms do record and keep their economic activities.   National Income– is defined as the monetary value of the total volume of goods and services produced … Read more

Capital Market- is a market for medium and long-term loans. The capital market serves the needs of industries and the commercial sectors. It comprises all institutions which are concerned with either the supply of or demand for long-term loans. The capital market provides a system by which money for investment is distributed to institutions which … Read more